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Contributor: Taylor Lynch, MD Educational Pearls: Opioid Epidemic- quick facts Drug overdoses, primarily driven by opioids, have become the leading cause of accidental death in the U.S. for individuals aged 18-45. In 2021, opioids were involved in nearly 75% of all drug overdose deaths The rise of synthetic opioids like fentanyl, which is much more potent than heroin or prescription opioids, has played a major role in the increase in overdose deaths What is Narcan AKA Naloxone? Competitive opioid antagonist. It sits on the receptor but doesn't activate it. When do we give Narcan? Respiratory rate less than 8-10 breaths per minute Should you check the pupils? An opioid overdose classically presents with pinpoint pupils BUT… Hypercapnia from bradypnea can normalize the pupils Taking other drugs at the same time like cocaine or meth can counteract the pupillary effects Basilar stroke could also cause small pupils, so don't anchor on an opioid overdose How does Narcan affect the body? Relatively safe even if the patient is not experiencing an opioid overdose. So when in doubt, give the Narcan. What if the patient is opioid naive and overdosing? Use a large dose given that this patient is unlikely to withdraw 0.4-2 mg every 3-5 minutes What if the patient is a chronic opioid user Use a smaller dose such as 0.04-0.4 mg to avoid precipitated withdrawal How fast does Narcan work? Given intravenously (IV), onset is 1-2 min Given intranasal (IN), onset is 3-4 min Given intramuscularly (IM), onset is ~6 min Duration of action is 60 mins, with a range of 20-90 minutes How does that compare to the duration of action of common opioids? Heroine lasts 60 min Fentanyl lasts 30-60 min, depending on route Carfentanyl lasts ~5 hrs Methadone lasts 12-24 hrs So we really need to be conscious about redosing How do you monitor someone treated with Narcan? Pay close attention to the end-tidal CO2 to ensure that are ventilating appropriately Be cautious with giving O2 as it might mask hypoventilation Watch the respiratory rate Give Narcan as needed Observe for at least 2-4 hours after the last Narcan dose Larger the dose, longer the observation period Who gets a drip? If they have gotten ~3 doses, time to start the drip Start at 2/3rds last effective wake-up dose Complications Flash pulm edema 0.2-3.6% complication rate Might be from the catecholamine surge from abrupt wake-up Might also be from large inspiratory effort against a partially closed glottis which creates too much negative pressure Treat with BIPAP if awake and intubation if not awake Should you give Narcan in cardiac arrest? Short answer no. During ACLS you take over breathing for the patient and that is pretty much the only way that Narcan can help Just focus on high quality CPR References https://nida.nih.gov/research-topics/trends-statistics/overdose-death-rates#:~:text=Drug%20overdose%20deaths%20involving%20prescription,of%20deaths%20declined%20to%2014%2C716 . Elkattawy, S., Alyacoub, R., Ejikeme, C., Noori, M. A. M., & Remolina, C. (2021). Naloxone induced pulmonary edema. Journal of community hospital internal medicine perspectives, 11(1), 139–142. https://doi.org/10.1080/20009666.2020.1854417 van Lemmen, M., Florian, J., Li, Z., van Velzen, M., van Dorp, E., Niesters, M., Sarton, E., Olofsen, E., van der Schrier, R., Strauss, D. G., & Dahan, A. (2023). Opioid Overdose: Limitations in Naloxone Reversal of Respiratory Depression and Prevention of Cardiac Arrest. Anesthesiology, 139(3), 342–353. https://doi.org/10.1097/ALN.0000000000004622 Yousefifard, M., Vazirizadeh-Mahabadi, M. H., Neishaboori, A. M., Alavi, S. N. R., Amiri, M., Baratloo, A., & Saberian, P. (2019). Intranasal versus Intramuscular/Intravenous Naloxone for Pre-hospital Opioid Overdose: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Advanced journal of emergency medicine, 4(2), e27. https://doi.org/10.22114/ajem.v0i0.279 Summarized by Jeffrey Olson MS2 | Edited by Meg Joyce & Jorge Chalit, OMSII